Abstract
Cytotoxicities induced by 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) are ascribed to cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism to an epoxide. Conjugation of the DCE-epoxide with glutathione (GSH) results in the formation of the conjugates 2-S-glutathionyl acetate (GTA) and 2-(S-glutathionyl) acetyl glutathione (GAG); GAG undergoes hydrolysis to form GTA, and thus GTA is a major metabolite of DCE metabolism. Our objective is to develop an antiserum against the chemically synthesized GTA, and for immunization, we have used a hapten that consists of GTA conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the carrier protein and glutaraldehyde (GLUT) as a chemical cross-linker. The antisera were raised in rabbits and were characterized by using the following synthesized structural analogs: GTA, glycine-GLUT-BSA (GLY-GLUT-BSA), GTA-GLUT-ovalbumin (GTA-GLUT-OVB), GTA-1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide-BSA (GTA-EDC-BSA), TRIS-GLUT-BSA, glutathione-GLUT-BSA (GSH-GLUT-BSA). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and slot immunoblotting were used to characterize the specificity of the antisera. Noncompetitive ELISA experiments showed that the reaction of the antiserum with the antigen was concentration-dependent. In the competitive ELISA, GTA-GLUT-BSA inhibited binding efficiently; in contrast, the unconjugated GTA did not inhibit binding to the antigen. Competitive studies with the other analogs indicated low or minimal reactivities with the antibodies, which were blocked by incubation with GLY-GLUT-BSA. However, there was residual reactivity with the antigen that was not competitively inhibited by either the GTA-EDC-BSA or the GSH-GLUT-BSA conjugates. Slot-blotting experiments confirmed the findings of the ELISA studies and revealed high specificity of the antiserum to detect the hapten. These results demonstrated the successful development of polyclonal antibodies to detect GTA and hence DCE-epoxide.
Footnotes
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Send reprint requests to: Dr. P. G. Forkert, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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↵1 This work was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada (P.G.F.).
- Abbreviations:
- BSA
- bovine serum albumin
- DCE
- 1,1-dichloroethylene, EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- ELISA
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GAG
- 2-(S-glutathionyl) acetyl glutathione
- GLUT
- glutaraldehyde
- GLY
- glycine
- GSH
- glutathione
- GTA
- 2-S-glutathionyl acetate
- HPLC
- high-performance liquid chromatography
- NaBH4
- sodium borohydride
- OVB
- ovalbumin
- PBS
- phosphate-buffered saline
- Received August 28, 1996.
- Accepted February 10, 1997.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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